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# Valley Perinatal Services

Premium Women's Care in Arizona

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## Posts

- [Articles](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/) - Search Popular Keywords Categories No Record Found View All Results Advanced Maternal Age: What Happens After 35? Advanced Maternal Age (35 or older at delivery) is increasingly common and does not automatically mean a pregnancy is high risk. While certain risks may increase with age, modern prenatal screening, advanced ultrasound imaging, and specialized Maternal-Fetal Medicine
- [I Was Referred to a Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialist. What Does That Mean?](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/i-was-referred-to-a-maternal-fetal-medicine-specialist-what-does-that-mean/) - What is a Maternal-Fetal Medicine specialist? Discover why you might be referred to an MFM, how they co-manage high-risk pregnancy, and what to expect at your visit.
- [Effects of Long-Term Drug Therapy on Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/long-term-drug-therapy/) - Long-term drug therapy, where medications are taken over an extended period to manage chronic conditions, can have various effects on pregnancy. If you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant and are on long-term medication, understanding how these drugs might impact your pregnancy is crucial for ensuring the health and safety of both you and
- [Advanced Maternal Age: What Happens After 35?](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/advanced-maternal-age-what-happens-after-35/) - Advanced Maternal Age (35 or older at delivery) is increasingly common and does not automatically mean a pregnancy is high risk. While certain risks may increase with age, modern prenatal screening, advanced ultrasound imaging, and specialized Maternal-Fetal Medicine care help monitor pregnancy, support early detection of potential concerns, and promote healthy outcomes for patients.
- [PROM Guide: If Your Water Breaks Too Early](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/preterm-water-break/) - Learn about PROM (premature rupture of membranes) when your water breaks before 37 weeks. Discover the risks, symptoms, and how it's managed safely
- [Circulatory System Disorders: Vital Pregnancy Guide](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/circulatory-disorders/) - Pregnancy brings about significant changes in a woman’s circulatory system to support the growing baby. However, these changes can sometimes lead to or exacerbate circulatory system disorders. Understanding these conditions, their signs, and how they can be managed is crucial for maintaining a healthy pregnancy. Here’s a guide to some common circulatory system disorders in
- [Maternal Anemia: Vital Steps for a Healthy Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/maternal-anemia/) - Maternal anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body’s tissues and to your baby during pregnancy. When a pregnant woman has anemia, it can affect both her health and the health of
- [How Telemedicine Is Changing Prenatal Care](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/exploring-prenatal-telemedicine-a-patient-education-guide/) - Learn how prenatal telemedicine brings expert prenatal care and remote consultations directly to you, offering flexible and convenient support.
- [What to Expect from Your First Trimester Ultrasound](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/understanding-first-trimester-ultrasound-a-patient-education-guide/) - A first-trimester ultrasound is a crucial prenatal screening tool used to monitor the development of the embryo and assess the health of both the mother and the baby during the early stages of pregnancy. This non-invasive procedure provides valuable information about the pregnancy's progress, confirms gestational age, identifies potential issues, and offers a glimpse of
- [Acetaminophen Use in Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/acetaminophen-use-in-pregnancy/) - Navigating pregnancy means making countless decisions to protect the health of your developing baby. A question we frequently hear from our patients at Valley Perinatal Services is about the safety of common medications. Recently, headlines about a potential link between acetaminophen (the active ingredient in Tylenol®) and neurodevelopmental conditions like Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have caused understandable concern for many expecting parents. As your partners in maternal-fetal medicine, our goal is to provide you with clear, evidence-based information to help you make informed decisions. Let's look at the science, the recommendations from leading medical organizations, and the important balance of risks and benefits.
- [Digestive Disorders in Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/digestive-disorders/) - Pregnancy brings about numerous changes in a woman's body, including significant alterations to the digestive system. These changes can sometimes lead to or worsen digestive disorders. Understanding these conditions, their symptoms, and management strategies can help ensure a healthier pregnancy. Here’s an overview of common digestive system disorders during pregnancy, including their causes, symptoms, and
- [Abdominal Pain in Pregnancy: Causes and Management](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/abdominal-pain/) - Abdominal pain during pregnancy is a common concern and can range from mild discomfort to severe, alarming symptoms. Understanding the potential causes and knowing when to seek medical attention are crucial for ensuring the health and safety of both the mother and the fetus. Normal Pregnancy-Related Abdominal Pain Round Ligament Pain: As the uterus expands,
- [Irregular Fetal Heartbeat Patterns During Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/abnormal-fetal-heart-patterns/) - Monitoring fetal heart patterns is a vital part of prenatal care, offering insights into the well-being of the developing baby. Abnormal fetal heart patterns can indicate potential complications and require careful evaluation to ensure a healthy pregnancy outcome. This educational piece explores common abnormal fetal heart patterns, their potential causes, and approaches to management. Normal
- [Unusual Blood Sugar Levels During Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/abnormal-maternal-glucose/) - During pregnancy, your body undergoes significant changes that affect how it processes glucose (sugar). Abnormal glucose levels can occur, and understanding these changes is crucial for managing your health and your baby’s health effectively. This educational piece will explain what abnormal maternal glucose levels mean, how they can impact you and your baby, and what
- [Unusual Results from Prenatal Screening Tests](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/abnormal-maternal-screening/) - During pregnancy, various screening tests are conducted to ensure the health of both the mother and the baby. These tests help identify potential issues early, allowing for timely intervention and better management. Abnormal maternal screening results can be concerning, but understanding what they mean and what steps to take can help you navigate this part
- [Unusual Bleeding During Pregnancy: When to Worry](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/abnormal-menses/) - If you’re pregnant, experiencing any unusual bleeding or changes in your menstrual cycle can be concerning. While bleeding or spotting can sometimes occur, it’s crucial to understand what might be normal and what could indicate a problem. Here’s a guide to help you understand abnormal menses during pregnancy, including potential causes and what steps to
- [Understanding What Unusual Ultrasound Results Mean](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/abnormal-ultrasound/) - Ultrasound is a vital tool in prenatal care, providing detailed images of your baby’s development and helping to monitor your pregnancy’s progress. While most ultrasounds reveal normal findings, sometimes an abnormal result can cause concern. Here’s a guide to understanding what abnormal ultrasound results might mean and what steps you can take if your ultrasound
- [Advanced Maternal Age in Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/advanced-maternal-age/) - Pregnancy at an advanced maternal age, typically defined as 35 years or older, presents unique challenges and considerations. As women delay childbirth for various personal and professional reasons, it's important to understand how age can impact pregnancy and what steps can be taken to ensure a healthy outcome for both mother and baby. What Is
- [Unusual Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test Results During Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/rapid-plasma-reagin-test/) - The Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test is a crucial screening tool used during pregnancy to detect syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection (STI). An abnormal result from this test can be concerning, but understanding what it means and the next steps can help you manage your health and your baby’s well-being effectively. What Is the RPR
- [High BMI/Obesity During Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/obesity/) - A high Body Mass Index (BMI) during pregnancy can influence various aspects of both maternal and fetal health. BMI is a measure of body fat based on your weight and height. While having a high BMI is a common concern, understanding its potential effects and how to manage them can help ensure a healthy pregnancy
- [Common Diseases That Complicate Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/pregnancy-diseases/) - Pregnancy is a time of significant physical and emotional change, and managing existing or new diseases during this period is crucial for the health of both the mother and the baby. Certain diseases can complicate pregnancy and require careful management to ensure a healthy outcome. Here’s an overview of some common diseases that can complicate
- [Possible Complications During Labor](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/labor-complications/) - Labor is a significant and exciting time in pregnancy, but it can sometimes be accompanied by complications that require careful management to ensure the safety and well-being of both mother and baby. Being aware of potential labor complications and understanding how they are managed can help you prepare for a smoother labor experience. Here’s an
- [Cervical Shortening in Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/cervical-shortening/) - Cervical shortening is a condition in pregnancy where the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina, becomes shorter than normal. This can be an indicator of potential complications and requires careful management to ensure a healthy pregnancy. Here’s what you need to know about cervical shortening, including its causes, symptoms, risks, and treatment options.
- [Effects of a History of Pregnancy Loss on Your Current Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/prior-pregnancy-loss/) - Experiencing a pregnancy loss is a deeply emotional event, and if you've faced this in the past, it’s natural to have concerns about how it might affect your current pregnancy. Knowing how a history of pregnancy loss can impact your current pregnancy and understanding the steps you can take to support a healthy outcome can
- [How a History of Preterm Labor Affects Your Current Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/prior-preterm-labor/) - Preterm labor, defined as labor that begins before 37 weeks of pregnancy, can be a challenging experience and may raise concerns if you’re pregnant again. Understanding how a history of preterm labor can affect your current pregnancy and the steps you can take to manage risks can help you navigate this journey with confidence. Impact
- [Effects of Hypothyroidism on Your Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/hypothyroidism/) - Hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, can impact various aspects of your health and pregnancy. If you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant and have hypothyroidism, it's important to understand how this condition may affect your pregnancy and how to manage it effectively to ensure the best
- [Effects of Prior Injury and Abuse on Your Current Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/injury-and-abuse/) - Pregnancy is a time of significant physical and emotional change, and experiencing injury or abuse can deeply impact both your well-being and that of your baby. Understanding how these situations can affect your pregnancy and knowing how to seek help and support are crucial for ensuring the health and safety of you and your unborn
- [Effects of Insufficient Prenatal Care on Your Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/prenatal-care/) - Prenatal care is a critical component of a healthy pregnancy. Regular check-ups and screenings help monitor your health and your baby’s development, identify potential complications early, and provide essential guidance for maintaining a healthy pregnancy. Insufficient prenatal care can lead to a range of issues that may impact both you and your baby. Understanding these
- [Effects of Isoimmunization on Your Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/isoimmunization/) - Isoimmunization, also known as Rh incompatibility, occurs when a pregnant woman’s blood type is incompatible with her baby’s blood type, typically due to the Rh factor. This condition can affect the health of both mother and baby if not managed properly. Understanding isoimmunization, its effects on pregnancy, and how to manage it can help ensure
- [Susan’s Journey: Personalized Support From Start to Finish](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/personalized-support-from-start-to-finish/) - We’re thrilled that our patient, Susan Owens, entrusted us with her care and with sharing the story of her and little Andrew. Hi, Susan! Can you tell us a little bit about yourself? My name is Susan Owens. I now have two beautiful boys, Joshua and Andrew. I’m 26 years old, and I live in
- [Care That Made All the Difference in Hayley’s Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/care-that-made-all-the-difference-in-hayleys-pregnancy/) - We’re thrilled that our patient, Hayley Winterberg, entrusted us with her care and with sharing the story of her and baby Jasper. Hi, Hayley! Can you tell us a little bit about yourself? My name is Hayley Winterberg, a mom of three kids. I live in Buckeye, with my husband, and have worked in healthcare,
- [How Doctors Assess the Risk of Preterm Birth](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/how-doctors-assess-the-risk-of-preterm-birth/) - We’re excited to let women know they can take a Free Preterm Birth Assessment! PopNatal™ is the first digital health screening tool designed to identify women at risk for preterm birth from the onset of their pregnancy. At Valley Perinatal, we want every expectant mother to be as educated and aware as possible about her
- [Low Fetal Movement and Its Effects on Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/low-fetal-movement/) - During pregnancy, fetal movement is an important indicator of your baby’s health and well-being. Feeling your baby move is often a comforting sign, but a noticeable decrease or absence of fetal movement can be a cause for concern. It’s essential to understand what low fetal movement might signify and what steps you should take if
- [Dealing with Morning Sickness: Tips for Expecting Moms](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/morning-sickness/) - Vomiting during pregnancy, commonly referred to as morning sickness, is a frequent concern for many expectant mothers. While it is a normal part of pregnancy for many women, understanding its effects, causes, and management strategies can help you navigate this aspect of pregnancy more effectively and ensure both your health and your baby's well-being. What
- [Pre-term Labor and Its Effects on Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/preterm-labor/) - Pre-term labor is a condition in which labor begins before 37 weeks of pregnancy. A typical pregnancy lasts about 40 weeks, so pre-term labor means that the baby is born earlier than anticipated, which can lead to various health challenges. Understanding the causes, effects, and management strategies for pre-term labor is essential for ensuring the
- [What Happens When Pregnancy Goes Past Your Due Date](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/prolonged-pregnancy/) - A prolonged pregnancy, also known as post-term pregnancy, refers to a pregnancy that extends beyond 42 weeks of gestation. While most pregnancies last about 40 weeks, some may continue past this point. Understanding the effects of a prolonged pregnancy can help you make informed decisions and prepare for potential complications. What is Prolonged Pregnancy? Prolonged
- [What You Need to Know About STIs During Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/sexually-transmitted-infections/) - Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can significantly impact pregnancy and the health of both the mother and the baby. Being aware of how STIs affect pregnancy, their potential complications, and the importance of treatment can help ensure a healthier outcome for you and your baby. Here’s what you need to know about the effects of STIs
- [What It Means When Your Uterus Measures Too Big or Too Small](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/uterine-size-discrepancy/) - Uterine size discrepancy refers to a condition where the size of the uterus, as assessed through physical examination or imaging, does not align with what is expected for the gestational age of the pregnancy. This discrepancy can have various implications for both the mother and the baby, and understanding its potential effects can help in
- [Mental Health Struggles During Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/mental-health-disorders/) - Pregnancy is a time of significant change, both physically and emotionally. For individuals with mental health disorders, these changes can have profound effects on both their well-being and the health of their pregnancy. Understanding how mental health issues impact pregnancy is essential for ensuring both mother and baby receive the care and support they need.
- [Effect of Benign Tumors on Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/benign-neoplasms/) - A benign neoplasm, commonly referred to as a benign tumor, is a non-cancerous growth that arises from cells multiplying uncontrollably. Unlike malignant tumors, benign neoplasms generally do not spread to other parts of the body and are less likely to pose a serious health threat. However, when pregnant, the presence of a benign neoplasm can
- [What a History of Pregnancy Problems Could Mean for You Now](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/poor-obstetric-history/) - A poor obstetric history refers to previous pregnancy outcomes that were complicated or less favorable, such as miscarriages, preterm births, or other pregnancy-related issues. Understanding how a history of obstetric challenges might affect your current pregnancy is crucial for proactive care and ensuring the best possible outcome for both you and your baby. What is
- [Understanding Placenta Problems During Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/placental-disorders/) - The placenta is a vital organ that develops during pregnancy, serving as the interface between the mother and the baby. It provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus and removes waste products from the baby’s blood. Placental disorders can disrupt this critical function, potentially leading to complications for both the mother and the baby.
- [Poor Fetal Growth in Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/poor-fetal-growth/) - Poor fetal growth, also known as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is a condition where a baby does not grow at the expected rate during pregnancy. This condition can lead to a range of complications for both the baby and the mother. Understanding the implications of poor fetal growth and how to manage it is crucial
- [How Past Diabetes Can Affect Your Current Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/prior-maternal-diabetes/) - A history of diabetes, whether pre-existing (Type 1 or Type 2) or gestational, can significantly impact your current and future pregnancies. Diabetes is a condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, and managing it effectively is crucial for both your health and the health of your baby. This educational piece will help you understand how
- [How Past Treatments and Procedures Can Affect Your Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/prior-therapy-or-other-procedures/) - If you have a history of undergoing therapy or medical procedures, it is important to understand how these experiences may impact your current or future pregnancies. Whether it involves physical therapy, surgery, or other medical treatments, being aware of their potential effects on pregnancy can help you make informed decisions and ensure a healthy outcome
- [How Past Pregnancy Complications Affect Current Pregnancies](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/prior-pregnancy-complications/) - A history of pregnancy complications can influence your current pregnancy in various ways. Understanding these effects is crucial for managing your health and ensuring the best possible outcomes for you and your baby. This educational piece provides an overview of how past pregnancy complications may impact your current pregnancy and the steps you can take
- [Effects of Fetal Position During Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/fetal-malpresentation/) - Fetal malpresentation occurs when the baby is positioned in an abnormal way within the uterus, which can impact the labor process and delivery. Understanding unusual fetal positioning, its potential effects, and the management strategies available can help you prepare for a smoother delivery and address any concerns that arise. What is Fetal Malpresentation? Definition and
- [Effects of Gestational Diabetes During Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/gestational-diabetes/) - Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and affects how your body processes sugar (glucose). It usually appears around the 24th to 28th week of pregnancy and can impact both your health and your baby’s health. Understanding gestational diabetes, its effects, and how to manage it effectively is crucial for ensuring
- [Dealing With Persistent Pregnancy Headaches](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/headaches/) - Chronic headaches are a common concern during pregnancy and can significantly impact your quality of life. These headaches may vary in intensity and duration and can be caused by a range of factors, including hormonal changes, stress, and physical changes associated with pregnancy. Understanding persistent pregnancy headaches, their effects, and how to manage them effectively
- [Internal Bleeding During Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/hemorrhage/) - Hemorrhage, or bleeding, during pregnancy can be a serious concern that requires immediate medical attention. It can occur at various stages of pregnancy and may be caused by a range of factors. Understanding the causes, effects, and management of hemorrhage can help you recognize the symptoms, seek timely medical care, and make informed decisions about
- [How a Previous C-Section Can Affect Your Current Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/prior-c-section/) - Having a history of a cesarean section (C-section) can influence your current and future pregnancies. It is important to understand how a previous C-section may impact your pregnancy and delivery options, as well as the potential risks and benefits associated with different delivery methods. This information can help you make informed decisions and prepare for
- [Effects of High Blood Pressure During Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/hypertension/) - Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common condition that can affect your health during pregnancy. It is important to understand how hypertension can impact both you and your baby, as well as the measures you can take to manage it effectively. Proper management of hypertension is crucial for ensuring a healthy pregnancy and reducing
- [Risks of Substance Use Every Expectant Mother Should Know](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/alcohol-and-drugs/) - The health and development of your baby are significantly influenced by your lifestyle choices, including substance use. Consuming these substances during pregnancy can have serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus. Understanding the potential effects and making informed decisions can help ensure a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby. Effects of Substances on
- [Preeclampsia Warning Signs Every Pregnant Woman Should Know](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/preeclampsia/) - Preeclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication that affects both the mother and the baby. It typically occurs after the 20th week of pregnancy and is characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to other organs, often the kidneys. Understanding preeclampsia, its effects, and management options is crucial for ensuring the health of both
- [Large Baby in the Womb? Understanding Excessive Fetal Growth](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/excessive-fetal-growth/) - Excessive fetal growth, also known as macrosomia, refers to a condition where a baby grows significantly larger than average during pregnancy. This condition can pose risks to both the mother and the baby and requires careful management to ensure a safe delivery and healthy outcomes. Here’s an overview of excessive fetal growth, its potential effects,
- [How to Tell If It’s False Labor or the Real Thing](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/false-labor/) - False labor, also known as Braxton Hicks contractions, is a common experience during pregnancy that can cause confusion and concern for expectant mothers. Unlike true labor, which leads to the birth of the baby, false labor contractions are a normal part of pregnancy and serve to prepare the body for delivery. Understanding false labor, its
- [Genetic Conditions in Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/fetal-hereditary-abnormalities/) - Fetal hereditary abnormalities are genetic conditions that can affect the health and development of a baby. These abnormalities are caused by changes or mutations in the genes that are inherited from the parents. Understanding these conditions, their potential effects, and the options available for managing them can help you make informed decisions and prepare for
- [How Respiratory Conditions Can Affect Your Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/respiratory-disorders/) - Pregnancy brings significant physiological changes, including alterations in the respiratory system. While many respiratory issues are common and manageable, some disorders require careful attention to ensure both maternal and fetal health. Here’s an overview of common respiratory disorders during pregnancy, their causes, symptoms, and management strategies. Asthma Definition and Causes: Asthma is a chronic condition
- [Heart Disorders in Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/heart-disorders/) - Pregnancy induces significant changes in the cardiovascular system, increasing the workload on the heart. While many women with pre-existing heart conditions have healthy pregnancies, others may develop heart disorders during pregnancy. Understanding these conditions, their symptoms, and management options is crucial for maintaining maternal and fetal health. Here’s an overview of common heart disorders in
- [Skin Disorders in Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/skin-disorders/) - Pregnancy brings about numerous hormonal and physiological changes that can affect the skin. While many skin conditions are benign and resolve after childbirth, some may require medical attention to ensure maternal comfort and health. Here’s an overview of common skin disorders in pregnancy, including their causes, symptoms, and management strategies. Stretch Marks Definition and Causes:
- [Common Vaginal and Vulvar Issues During Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/vaginal-vulvar-disorders/) - Pregnancy can bring about numerous changes in a woman’s body, including the genital area. Disorders of the vagina or vulva during pregnancy are not uncommon and can range from mild discomfort to more serious conditions. Understanding these disorders, their symptoms, and treatment options can help manage any issues effectively and ensure a healthy pregnancy. Here’s
- [How Uterus Conditions Can Affect Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/uterine-disorders/) - During pregnancy, the uterus undergoes significant changes to accommodate the growing fetus. However, certain disorders can affect the uterus and potentially impact the course of the pregnancy. Understanding these disorders, their symptoms, and management options is crucial for maintaining maternal and fetal health. Here’s an overview of common uterine disorders in pregnancy: Uterine Fibroids Definition
- [How Fallopian Tube or Ovarian Issues Can Affect Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/reproductive-disorders/) - Pregnancy brings various changes to a woman's reproductive system, and disorders of the ovary or fallopian tube can affect both maternal and fetal health. Although these conditions are relatively rare, they require careful management to ensure a healthy pregnancy. Here’s an overview of common disorders affecting the ovary or fallopian tube during pregnancy, including their
- [Endocrine Disorders in Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/endocrine-disorders/) - Pregnancy involves significant hormonal changes as the body adapts to support the developing baby. Disorders of the endocrine system can arise during this time, affecting both maternal and fetal health. Here’s an overview of common endocrine disorders in pregnancy, including their causes, symptoms, and treatment options. Gestational Diabetes Definition and Causes: Gestational diabetes is a
- [How Liver Problems Can Affect Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/liver-disorders/) - Pregnancy introduces numerous changes in a woman's body, including the liver, which plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes. Liver disorders during pregnancy can impact both maternal and fetal health. Understanding these conditions, their symptoms, and treatment options can help ensure a healthier pregnancy. Here’s an overview of common liver problems during pregnancy. Intrahepatic
- [What to Know About Nervous System Disorders in Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/nervous-system-disorders/) - Pregnancy can bring about a range of physiological changes, including impacts on the nervous system. Disorders of the nervous system during pregnancy can affect both the mother and the baby. Understanding these conditions, their symptoms, and treatment options can help in managing them effectively. Here’s an overview of common nervous system disorders in pregnancy: Pregnancy-Related
- [Cervical and Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) During Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/cervical-urinary-tract-infections/) - Cervical infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common concerns during pregnancy. Both conditions require careful management to ensure the health and well-being of both mother and baby. Here’s what you need to know about these infections, their symptoms, potential risks, and treatment options. Cervical Infections in Pregnancy Cervical infections involve inflammation or infection of
- [How Blood Disorders Can Affect Your Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/blood-disorders/) - Blood disorders can affect pregnancy in various ways, influencing both maternal and fetal health. It is essential to understand these conditions, their potential impacts, and how they can be managed to ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery. Here’s a comprehensive overview of common blood disorders in pregnancy, their symptoms, and treatment options. Here are some
- [Amniotic Fluid Problems while Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/amniotic-fluid-disorders/) - Amniotic fluid is the fluid that surrounds and cushions your baby in the amniotic sac within the uterus. It plays a crucial role in protecting the baby, facilitating movement, and supporting healthy development. Disorders of amniotic fluid, such as too much or too little fluid, can affect pregnancy outcomes and require careful management. Here’s what
- [What a Weak Cervix Means for Your Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/cervical-incompetence/) - Cervical incompetence, also known as cervical insufficiency, is a condition where the cervix is unable to stay closed during pregnancy, potentially leading to preterm birth or miscarriage. Understanding this condition is crucial for managing risks and ensuring a healthy pregnancy. Here’s what you need to know about cervical incompetence, including its causes, symptoms, and treatment
- [Non-Stress Test During Pregnancy: What to Expect and What It Means](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/understanding-obstetrical-non-stress-test-nst-a-patient-education-guide/) - An obstetrical non-stress test (NST) is a simple and non-invasive prenatal monitoring procedure that assesses the well-being of the developing baby by tracking their heart rate in response to their own movements. This test is commonly used to evaluate the baby's health, especially in high-risk pregnancies or when there are concerns about fetal well-being. This
- [What to Expect from a Biophysical Profile During Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/understanding-biophysical-profile-ultrasound-a-patient-education-guide/) - A biophysical profile ultrasound is a specialized prenatal assessment that combines ultrasound imaging with fetal heart rate monitoring to evaluate the well-being of the developing baby. This comprehensive test assesses several factors, such as fetal movement, amniotic fluid levels, and heart rate patterns, providing valuable information about the baby's health. This patient education guide aims
- [What Is CVS Testing in Pregnancy and When Is It Done?](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/understanding-chorionic-villus-sampling-cvs-a-patient-education-guide/) - Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) testing is a specialized prenatal diagnostic procedure that involves collecting a small sample of placental tissue to obtain genetic information about the developing baby. This test is typically recommended for pregnancies with higher risks of genetic conditions or chromosomal abnormalities. This patient education guide aims to provide a comprehensive overview of
- [Why a Uterine Artery Doppler Test During Pregnancy Matters](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/understanding-uterine-artery-doppler-a-patient-education-guide/) - Uterine artery Doppler is a specialized ultrasound technique used during pregnancy to assess blood flow in the uterine arteries, which supply the uterus and placenta with oxygen and nutrients. This non-invasive procedure helps healthcare providers monitor the health of the placenta and the developing baby, particularly in cases where there might be concerns about blood
- [Why Is Prenatal Genetic Counseling Important?](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/understanding-prenatal-genetic-counseling-a-patient-education-guide/) - Prenatal genetic counseling is a supportive and informative process that provides expectant parents with valuable insights into the risk of genetic conditions or birth defects that may affect their unborn baby. This counseling empowers parents to make informed decisions about their pregnancy and understand the potential implications of genetic factors. This patient education guide aims
- [What to Expect from a Fetal Echocardiogram During Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/understanding-fetal-echocardiogram-a-patient-education-guide/) - A fetal echocardiogram is a specialized ultrasound examination that focuses on assessing the structure and function of the developing baby's heart while still in the womb. This advanced imaging procedure is used to detect and evaluate any potential heart abnormalities or congenital defects, ensuring timely intervention and appropriate medical care. This patient education guide aims
- [What to Expect During a Full Pregnancy Ultrasound Exam](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/understanding-complete-obstetrical-ultrasound-a-patient-education-guide/) - A complete obstetrical ultrasound, often referred to as a comprehensive ultrasound or level III ultrasound, is a comprehensive imaging procedure that provides an in-depth assessment of the developing baby’s anatomy, organs, and overall well-being. This advanced ultrasound offers a detailed view of the baby’s structures and is used to detect potential abnormalities, monitor growth, and
- [What to Expect from a Maternal-Fetal Medicine (MFM) Consultation](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/understanding-maternal-fetal-medicine-consultation-a-patient-education-guide/) - A maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) consultation is a specialized medical evaluation provided by experts in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. This consultation is recommended when there are higher risks or complexities involved in a pregnancy. Maternal-fetal medicine specialists are trained to address the unique needs of both the expectant mother and the developing baby, ensuring
- [Do You Need a Cervical Cerclage in Your Pregnancy?](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/understanding-cerclage-a-patient-education-guide/) - Cerclage is a medical procedure used to reinforce the cervix during pregnancy, particularly in cases where there is a risk of cervical insufficiency or premature birth. This intervention involves suturing the cervix to provide support and prevent it from opening too early. This patient education guide aims to provide a comprehensive overview of cerclage, its
- [Amniocentesis Test in Pregnancy: What to Expect](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/understanding-amniocentesis-a-patient-education-guide/) - Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic procedure that involves collecting a small sample of amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac surrounding the developing baby. This procedure is often recommended to gather valuable information about the baby's health, genetic conditions, and potential chromosomal abnormalities. This patient education guide aims to provide a comprehensive overview of amniocentesis, its
- [Ashley’s Story: Compassionate Care Through Her Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/patient-testimonial-ashley-yancey/) - Ashley Yancey is one of our patients, a new mother to her beautiful twins Addilyn and Madilyn. She has been so gracious as to share her journey with Valley Perinatal and the world, so other mothers-to-be can be aware of high-risk complications and know there is always hope. We share her story this year close
- [Viability Ultrasound: What It Checks for in Early Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/understanding-viability-ultrasound-a-patient-education-guide/) - A viability ultrasound is a medical imaging procedure used during early pregnancy to assess the health and well-being of the developing embryo. This ultrasound provides essential information about the pregnancy's progress, confirms the presence of a gestational sac, and checks for signs of a viable pregnancy. This patient education guide aims to provide a comprehensive
- [What to Expect from Nuchal Translucency Screening in Early Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/understanding-nuchal-translucency-screening-a-patient-education-guide/) - Nuchal translucency (NT) screening is a prenatal test that assesses the thickness of the clear space at the back of a developing baby's neck during the first trimester of pregnancy. This non-invasive procedure provides valuable information about the baby's risk for certain chromosomal abnormalities and other potential health issues. This patient education guide aims to

## Pages

- [Home](https://valleyperinatal.com/) - Valley Perinatal Services specializes in maternal fetal medicine and high-risk pregnancy care in the Phoenix Metro Area. Contact our MFM specialists today.
- [Our Team](https://valleyperinatal.com/our-team/) - Physicians Ravi Gunatilake Medical Director MD View Bio Nayo Williams Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialist MD View Bio Kristin Williams Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialist MD, FACOG View Bio Alvie Richardson Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialist MD, FACOG View Bio Kathleen Kuhlman Director of Ultrasound MD View Bio John Elliott Emeritus Medical Director MD View Bio Stephanie Martin Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialist
- [Studies](https://valleyperinatal.com/studies/) - Search Studies Select location Mesa Select age 18+ 18-65 40-80 65+ Sort by Starting date Compensation Clear all Mesa Study Heading Age: 18+ Sex: F Non-Smoker Flexible start date Up to $100
- [Julie McWhorter, PA-C](https://valleyperinatal.com/julie-mcwhorter-pa-c-2/) - Julie McWhorter, PA-C Physician Assistant Specialties Experienced In Education Urgent care medicine, including acute illness and injury managementWomen’s health: OB/GYN, prenatal care, contraception, and gynecologic proceduresChronic pelvic pain evaluation and managementMinor office procedures: I&D, laceration repair, biopsies, splinting, IUD/Nexplanon placement Diagnosing and treating patients across the lifespan, from pediatrics to geriatricsOrdering, interpreting, and acting on
- [Catherine Sendek, MMS, PA-C](https://valleyperinatal.com/catherine-sendek-mms-pa-c/) - Catharine Sendek, MMS, PA-C Physician Assistant Specialties Experienced In Education Obstetrics and Gynecology High-risk Obstetrics Surgical First Assist Postpartum Care About Ms. Sendek Catherine Sendek is a Board-Certified Physician Assistant who has been proudly serving patients at Valley Perinatal Services since 2021. She is certified in both Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS), ensuring
- [Madeline Chelko, WHNP](https://valleyperinatal.com/madeline-chelko-whnp/) - Madeline Chelko, MSN, WHNP women's health Nurse Practitioner About Ms. Chelko Madeline Chelko is a board-certified Women’s Health Nurse Practitioner who brings extensive clinical experience and a strong focus on patient-centered care to Valley Perinatal Services. She holds certifications in Basic Life Support (BLS), Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS), and Electronic Fetal Monitoring (C-EFM). Madeline
- [Nayo Williams, MD](https://valleyperinatal.com/nayo-williams-md/) - Nayo Williams, MD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialist About Dr. Williams Dr. Williams joins Valley Perinatal Services from El Paso, Texas, where she spent the past three years providing dedicated, high-quality care. She earned her biology degree from Bucknell University, completed medical school and her OB/GYN residency at Rutgers–Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center, and went on to
- [Ravi Gunatilake, MD](https://valleyperinatal.com/ravi-gunatilake-md/) - Ravi Gunatilake, MD Medical Director Specialties Experienced In Education Maternal-Fetal Medicine ConsultationCo-Management of High-Risk PregnancyObstetric UltrasoundHOM Gestations Maternal-Fetal MedicineCritical Care ObstetricsCardiovascular Disease in PregnancyPerinatal Ultrasound Fellowship in Maternal-Fetal MedicineDuke University, 2009 – 2012Clinical Research Training ProgramDuke University, 2010Residency in OB/GYNBanner Good Samaritan Medical Center, 2006 – 2009 About Dr. Gunatilake Dr. Ravindu “Ravi” Gunatilake is
- [Sophie Jessop, PA-C](https://valleyperinatal.com/sophie-jessop-pa-c/) - Sophie Jessop, PA-C Physician Assistant About Ms. Jessop Sophie is a certified Physician Assistant joining Valley Perinatal Services from Show Low, Arizona, where she spent the past three years in women’s health. She earned her undergraduate degree in Exercise Science from Northern Arizona University and her Master of Health Sciences in Physician Assistant Studies from
- [Suzanne Halt, DNP, CNM](https://valleyperinatal.com/suzanne-halt-cnm/) - Suzanne Halt, CNM, DNP Director of Nursing Services Specialties Experienced In Education Obstetrics & GynecologyPost Cesarean Wound ComplicationsDiabetes In PregnancyObesity In Pregnancy About Ms. Halt Suzanne Halt is a Certified Nurse Midwife. She is certified by the American College of Nurse Midwives. She is also certified in, Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Cardiovascular Life
- [Corey Booker, MD](https://valleyperinatal.com/corey-booker-md/) - Corey Booker, MD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialist Specialties Experienced In Education Maternal-Fetal Medicine ConsultationCo-Management of High-Risk PregnancyObstetric UltrasoundPrenatal Diagnosis About Dr. Booker Dr. Corenthian “Corey” J. Booker is a Maternal-Fetal Medicine specialist dedicated to improving the health of mothers and babies. Raised in Annapolis, Maryland, he earned his medical degree from Creighton University—where he also served
- [Thomas Strong, MD](https://valleyperinatal.com/thomas-strong-md-2/) - Thomas Strong, MD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialist Specialties Experienced In Education Maternal-Fetal Medicine ConsultationObstetric UltrasoundCo-Management of High-Risk PregnancyPrenatal Diagnosis About Dr. Strong Dr. Thomas H. Strong, Jr. is a board-certified Maternal-Fetal Medicine specialist and Obstetrician-Gynecologist with extensive experience caring for high-risk pregnancies. Raised in a family of healthcare professionals, he developed an early commitment to maternal
- [Stephanie Martin, DO](https://valleyperinatal.com/stephanie-martin-do/) - Stephanie Martin, DO Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialist Specialties Experienced In Education Maternal-Fetal Medicine ConsultationCritical Care ObstetricsCo-Management of High-Risk PregnancyMedical and Surgical Complications In Pregnancy About Dr. Martin Dr. Martin is the Medical Director and co-owner of Clinical Concepts in Obstetrics, LLC. Through her consulting practice, she works with hospitals nationwide to develop obstetric intensive care programs
- [John Elliott, MD](https://valleyperinatal.com/john-elliott-md-2/) - John Elliott, MD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialist Specialties Experienced In Education Maternal-Fetal Medicine ConsultationCo-Management of High-Risk PregnancyObstetric UltrasoundHigh Order Multiple Gestations ExperienceMaternal-Fetal MedicineCritical Care ObstetricsCardiovascular Disease in PregnancyPerinatal UltrasoundDeliveries2000 sets of twins109 sets of quadruplets700 sets of triplets23 sets of quintuplets Fellowship in Maternal-Fetal Medicine University of California, 1978-1980Residency in OB/GYN Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, 1973-1976Medical
- [Kathleen Kuhlman, MD](https://valleyperinatal.com/kathleen-kuhlman-md-2/) - Kathleen Kuhlman, MD Director of Ultrasound Specialties Experienced In Education Fetal Diagnostic UltrasoundGenetic ProceduresMaternal-Fetal Medicine ConsultationGynecological Ultrasound Over 40 years of Experience in:Maternal-Fetal MedicineDiagnostic ultrasoundGenetic proceduresGynecological Ultrasound Fellowship in Maternal-Fetal Medicine Northwestern University Medical School, 1983-1985Residency in OB/GYN Northwestern University Medical School, 1980-1983Residency in OB/GYN University of California, 1979-1980Medical Doctor Northwestern University Medical School, 1975-1979
- [Alvie Richardson, MD, FACOG](https://valleyperinatal.com/alvie-richardson-md-facog/) - Alvie Richardson, MD, FACOG Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialist Specialties Experienced In Education Maternal-Fetal Medicine & High-Risk ObstetricsAdvanced Fetal Ultrasound & DiagnosticsComplex Maternal Medical Management Preconception counseling and early pregnancy risk assessmentPrevention of preterm birth and recurrent pregnancy lossManagement of multi-fetal pregnancies (twins, triplets)Invasive prenatal diagnosis and in-utero therapyCritical care in pregnancy Maternal-Fetal Medicine Fellowship: Brown UniversityMedical
- [Kristin Williams, MD, FACOG](https://valleyperinatal.com/kristin-williams-md-facog/) - Kristin Williams, MD, FACOG Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialist Director of the Multiples Program Specialties Education Multiple gestations (twins, triplets, and higher-order pregnancies)Prenatal diagnosis and ultrasound proceduresPreterm birth prevention and cervical insufficiencyHypertensive disorders, diabetes, IVF, and advanced maternal ageRecurrent pregnancy loss, thrombophilia, and complex medical conditions Maternal-Fetal Medicine Fellowship: Stanford University School of MedicineOB/GYN Residency: Stanford University
- [Contact Us](https://valleyperinatal.com/contact-us/) - Contact Us We would love to speak with you. Feel free to reach out using our contact form or call us (480) 756-6000 Reach out to us via fax:(855) 636-8770 First Name Last Name Email Confirm Email Phone Number Professional or Patient Professional Patient Message Submit
- [Our Financial Policy](https://valleyperinatal.com/for-patients/financial-policy/) - Our Financial Policy For your convenience, Advanced Women’s Care is a cashless practice. We kindly ask that all payments be made using a credit/debit card, HSA/FSA card, or mobile payment. Please review our full Financial Policy for additional details. Out of State? Are you thinking of relocating during your pregnancy? If so, we want you
- [Accepted Insurance](https://valleyperinatal.com/accepted-insurance/) - Accepted Insurance Plans for Maternal-Fetal Medicine & High-Risk Pregnancy Care Contracted Commercial Payers Aetna Aetna BannerChoice POS IIFirst HealthGEHA (Government Employees Health Association)MedicareOpen Access Aetna SelectPPO/HMO Banner Health Blue AllianceBlue Medicare Advantage BHNCigna Non-CACINDEMNITY Aetna Attribution MAUnited CoUnited Medicare Complete Blue Cross Blue Shield [BCBS] ALLIANCE NETWORKINDEMNITYMEDICARE ADVANTAGENEIGHBORHOODPIMA CONNECTPIMA FOCUSPPO/HMOSENIOR PREFERRED BCBS - CORPORATE HEALTH
- [For Patients](https://valleyperinatal.com/for-patients/) - Becoming a Patient Step 1: Referral It all begins with a referral. Valley Perinatal Services is a co-management practice and requires a referral in order to schedule you an appointment. Do you have a referral form filled out by your provider to us? Then you’re ready to go to step 2! If you don’t and
- [FAQ](https://valleyperinatal.com/faq/) - FAQ's & Additional Information Which location will my appointment be held? Your appointment will be pre-scheduled at one of our five office locations in Chandler, Gilbert, Glendale, Estrella, or Phoenix. What is my appointment time? When you contact us, you will be provided a date and time for your appointment is scheduled for. Should you
- [Our Team](https://valleyperinatal.com/our-team-old/) - Our Providers Physicians Ravi Gunatilake, MD Medical Director (480) 756-6000 View Bio appointments John Elliott, MD Emeritus Medical Director (480) 756-6000 View Bio appointments Thomas Strong, MD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialist (480) 756-6000 View Bio appointments Kathleen Kuhlman, MD Director of Ultrasound (480) 756-6000 View Bio appointments Stephanie Martin, DO Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialist (480) 756-6000 View
- [Telemedicine](https://valleyperinatal.com/telemedicine/) - Telemedicine Telemedicine is an approach that allows our physicians to evaluate, diagnose, and treat patients using telecommunication technology. Telemedicine provides clinical services to patients without an in-person visit. This type of care is frequently used for follow-up visits, management of chronic conditions, medication management, and consultative services. The Benefits Less time away from workReduced travel
- [Multiple Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/multiple-pregnancy/) - Multiple Pregnancies More babies means more love in your family’s future. It also means more risks. Mothers with multiple gestation pregnancies benefit from the help of an MFM specialist that is specially trained in delivering multiples. The team at Valley Perinatal can co-manage a multiple pregnancy and provide the testing, care, and consultations that the
- [For Providers](https://valleyperinatal.com/for-providers/) - Our Approach We are the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Specialists with a mission to create the best possible outcomes for high-risk expectant mothers. Our unique model, collaboration and co-management, is what sets us apart as premier MFM Specialists. We focus on building strong relationships with each of our referring OB/GYN providers. VPS works with the referring provider
- [Julie McWhorter, PA-C​](https://valleyperinatal.com/julie-mcwhorter-pa-c/) - Julie McWhorter, PA-C Physician Assistant​ Specialties Experienced In Education Urgent care medicine, including acute illness and injury managementWomen’s health: OB/GYN, prenatal care, contraception, and gynecologic proceduresChronic pelvic pain evaluation and managementMinor office procedures: I&D, laceration repair, biopsies, splinting, IUD/Nexplanon placement Diagnosing and treating patients across the lifespan, from pediatrics to geriatricsOrdering, interpreting, and acting on
- [Locations](https://valleyperinatal.com/locations/) - Our Clinic Locations We offer five convenient office locations throughout the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. Our Phoenix office is centrally located in the heart of downtown Phoenix, Arizona, just minutes away from Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport and walking distance to St. Joseph’s Hospital & Medical Center, our delivering hospital partner. VPS Phoenix Phoenix 2620 N.
- [Services](https://valleyperinatal.com/services/) - Schedule an Appointment Your Name Patient Date of Birth Your Phone Number Office Location Select Phoenix Glendale Estrella Chandler Preferred Appointment Date Preferred Appointment Time Your Email Are You a New or Returning Patient? New Returning Comment or Message Request Appointment
- [Thank You](https://valleyperinatal.com/appointment-thank-you/) - Thank you for contactingValley Perinatal Services Our scheduling team has received your appointment request. We will be in touch as soon as possible to confirm your details and answer any preliminary questions. Please note – this is not a confirmed appointment. Once our scheduling team has reviewed your request, we will reach out to confirm
- [Privacy Policy](https://valleyperinatal.com/privacy-policy/) - Privacy Policy Valley Perinatal is committed to protecting the privacy and security of your personal information. This Privacy Policy explains how we collect, use, disclose, and safeguard your information when you visit our website valleyperinatal.com, use our online services, or communicate with us. It also describes your rights concerning your information and how to exercise
- [Obstetric Ultrasound](https://valleyperinatal.com/obstetric-ultrasound/) - Obstetric Ultrasound Services An obstetric ultrasound offers valuable insight into your baby’s health and growth. At Valley Perinatal, we provide advanced 3D and 4D imaging for a detailed view of your baby’s development. All screenings are performed by ARDMS-certified sonographers, highly trained in the latest digital ultrasound technology. Your results will be reviewed promptly on-site
- [Gynecological Imaging](https://valleyperinatal.com/gynecological-imaging/) - Gynecological Imaging Valley Perinatal provides a wide range of gynecological imaging, including 3D and 4D pelvic ultrasounds, in a comfortable environment. We provide state-of-the-art imaging technology with superior image quality and diagnostic capabilities. Every examination is completed by an ARDMS certified sonographer, fully trained on the latest digital ultrasound technology. Our staff is trained to
- [Genetic Counseling](https://valleyperinatal.com/genetic-counseling/) - Genetic Counseling During pregnancy, it is important to know as much as possible—as soon as possible—about the health of your baby. This is just one of the many things that expectant mothers begin to worry about over the course of their pregnancy. A genetic consultation will help you stay informed and proactive throughout your pregnancy.
- [Diabetes & Pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/diabetes-pregnancy/) - Diabetes & Pregnancy During pregnancy, it is especially important to be aware of your blood glucose levels. Babies born to women with diabetes are at a higher risk of birth defects. High blood glucose levels pass through the placenta, which cause irregularities in growth. A plan is necessary to protect both you and your baby.To
- [Obstetric Nutrition](https://valleyperinatal.com/obstetric-nutrition/) - Obstetric Nutrition During pregnancy, the food choices that you make are often based on your cravings. However, when you’re expecting, eating healthy foods is more important than ever before. You do not have to figure out your dietary plan alone. Our certified nurse practitioners will help you make the right choices for the well-being of
- [Prenatal Screening](https://valleyperinatal.com/prenatal-screening/) - Prenatal Screening During pregnancy, the well-being of mother and baby is paramount. Prenatal screening can help alleviate uncertainty. Prenatal screening is particularly useful in assessing the risk of conditions, including chromosome abnormalities, open neural tube defects, and heart defects. At Valley Perinatal, we provide comprehensive fetal screening tests, as well as diagnostic tests. We also
- [New Patients](https://valleyperinatal.com/new-patients/) - Becoming a Patient Step 1: Referral It all begins with a referral. Valley Perinatal Services is a co-management practice and requires a referral in order to schedule you an appointment. Do you have a referral form filled out by your provider to us? Then you’re ready to go to step 2! If you don’t and
- [Rachel Perry, PA-C](https://valleyperinatal.com/rachel-perry-pa-c/) - Rachel Perry, PA-C Physician Assistant About Ms. Perry Rachel Perry is a Board-Certified Physician Assistant born and raised in Arizona. Rachel received her B.S. in Physiology from the University of Arizona, where she graduated Cum lade. She earned her Master of Medical Science in Physician Assistant Studies from Midwestern University in Glendale, Arizona.Rachel currently leads
- [Conditions We Address](https://valleyperinatal.com/for-patients/conditions-we-address/) - All Conditions All Conditions Symptoms Fetal Complications Diseases/Infections Pregnancy Timing Complication History Disorders Testing Results Abdominal PainLearn More about this condition HeadacheLearn More about this condition ObesityLearn More about this condition SpottingLearn More about this condition Vomiting/ Morning SicknessLearn More about this condition Injury/ AbuseLearn More about this condition Abnormal MensesLearn More about this condition
- [Global Styles](https://valleyperinatal.com/global-styles/) - Global Styles Colors Fonts buttons This page previews Global Fonts and Colors for this Kit. Changes made in Site Settings will be displayed here. Global Colors SYSTEM Primary Secondary Body text accent custom BG kIt Blue Element Blue Light BG White Element Transparent Overlay bg Global Fonts SYSTEM Primaryabcd Secondaryabcd body textLooking to change global

## Studies

- [Study Heading](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/study/study-heading/)

## Categories

- [Blog](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/category/blog/) - Your blog category
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- [Pregnancy Wellness](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/category/pregnancy-wellness/)

## Tags

- [mental health](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/mental-health/)
- [PROM](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/prom/)
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- [cervical cerclage](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/cervical-cerclage/)
- [cervical insufficiency](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/cervical-insufficiency/)
- [preventing preterm birth](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/preventing-preterm-birth/)
- [cervical stitch](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/cervical-stitch/)
- [amniocentesis](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/amniocentesis/)
- [amnio test](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/amnio-test/)
- [genetic testing](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/genetic-testing/)
- [prenatal diagnosis](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/prenatal-diagnosis/)
- [chromosomal abnormalities](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/chromosomal-abnormalities/)
- [birth defects](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/birth-defects/)
- [non-stress test](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/non-stress-test/)
- [nst](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/nst/)
- [fetal monitoring](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fetal-monitoring/)
- [fetal heart rate](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fetal-heart-rate/)
- [third trimester](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/third-trimester/)
- [fetal well-being](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fetal-well-being/)
- [biophysical profile](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/biophysical-profile/)
- [bpp](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/bpp/)
- [chorionic villus sampling](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/chorionic-villus-sampling/)
- [cvs testing](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/cvs-testing/)
- [uterine artery doppler](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/uterine-artery-doppler/)
- [doppler ultrasound](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/doppler-ultrasound/)
- [preeclampsia risk](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/preeclampsia-risk/)
- [iugr](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/iugr/)
- [placenta function](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/placenta-function/)
- [blood flow](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/blood-flow/)
- [genetic counseling](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/genetic-counseling/)
- [prenatal genetic testing](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/prenatal-genetic-testing/)
- [family history](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/family-history/)
- [genetic counselor](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/genetic-counselor/)
- [inherited conditions](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/inherited-conditions/)
- [abdominal pain](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/abdominal-pain/)
- [round ligament pain](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/round-ligament-pain/)
- [cramping in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/cramping-in-pregnancy/)
- [when to call the doctor](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/when-to-call-the-doctor/)
- [normal pregnancy symptoms](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/normal-pregnancy-symptoms/)
- [fetal arrhythmia](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fetal-arrhythmia/)
- [irregular fetal heartbeat](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/irregular-fetal-heartbeat/)
- [fetal tachycardia](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fetal-tachycardia/)
- [fetal bradycardia](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fetal-bradycardia/)
- [high blood sugar](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/high-blood-sugar/)
- [glucose tolerance test](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/glucose-tolerance-test/)
- [pregnancy diet](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/pregnancy-diet/)
- [managing diabetes](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/managing-diabetes/)
- [blood glucose monitoring](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/blood-glucose-monitoring/)
- [abnormal test results](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/abnormal-test-results/)
- [false positive](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/false-positive/)
- [diagnostic testing](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/diagnostic-testing/)
- [bleeding during pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/bleeding-during-pregnancy/)
- [first trimester bleeding](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/first-trimester-bleeding/)
- [implantation bleeding](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/implantation-bleeding/)
- [syphilis in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/syphilis-in-pregnancy/)
- [std testing](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/std-testing/)
- [prenatal blood work](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/prenatal-blood-work/)
- [false positive rpr](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/false-positive-rpr/)
- [congenital syphilis](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/congenital-syphilis/)
- [pregnancy infections](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/pregnancy-infections/)
- [soft markers](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/soft-markers/)
- [fetal anomaly](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fetal-anomaly/)
- [geriatric pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/geriatric-pregnancy/)
- [pregnancy over 35](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/pregnancy-over-35/)
- [egg quality](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/egg-quality/)
- [obesity in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/obesity-in-pregnancy/)
- [pregnancy weight gain](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/pregnancy-weight-gain/)
- [plus size pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/plus-size-pregnancy/)
- [healthy pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/healthy-pregnancy/)
- [preterm birth risk](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/preterm-birth-risk/)
- [second trimester loss](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/second-trimester-loss/)
- [short cervix](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/short-cervix/)
- [uti in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/uti-in-pregnancy/)
- [urinary tract infection](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/urinary-tract-infection/)
- [bladder infection](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/bladder-infection/)
- [kidney infection](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/kidney-infection/)
- [group b strep](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/group-b-strep/)
- [bacterial vaginosis](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/bacterial-vaginosis/)
- [cervical length ultrasound](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/cervical-length-ultrasound/)
- [progesterone](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/progesterone/)
- [failure to progress](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/failure-to-progress/)
- [fetal distress](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fetal-distress/)
- [c-section](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/c-section/)
- [postpartum hemorrhage](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/postpartum-hemorrhage/)
- [shoulder dystocia](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/shoulder-dystocia/)
- [prolonged labor](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/prolonged-labor/)
- [medical conditions in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/medical-conditions-in-pregnancy/)
- [chronic illness](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/chronic-illness/)
- [autoimmune disease](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/autoimmune-disease/)
- [thyroid disease](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/thyroid-disease/)
- [asthma in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/asthma-in-pregnancy/)
- [blood disorders](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/blood-disorders/)
- [clotting disorders](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/clotting-disorders/)
- [anemia in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/anemia-in-pregnancy/)
- [thrombocytopenia](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/thrombocytopenia/)
- [von willebrand disease](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/von-willebrand-disease/)
- [thrombosis](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/thrombosis/)
- [oligohydramnios](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/oligohydramnios/)
- [polyhydramnios](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/polyhydramnios/)
- [low amniotic fluid](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/low-amniotic-fluid/)
- [high amniotic fluid](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/high-amniotic-fluid/)
- [circulatory system](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/circulatory-system/)
- [blood pressure](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/blood-pressure/)
- [dvt](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/dvt/)
- [blood clots in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/blood-clots-in-pregnancy/)
- [varicose veins](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/varicose-veins/)
- [heart conditions](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/heart-conditions/)
- [digestive issues](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/digestive-issues/)
- [ibd in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/ibd-in-pregnancy/)
- [crohn's disease](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/crohns-disease/)
- [ulcerative colitis](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/ulcerative-colitis/)
- [gallstones](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/gallstones/)
- [acid reflux](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/acid-reflux/)
- [cholestasis of pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/cholestasis-of-pregnancy/)
- [endocrine disorders](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/endocrine-disorders/)
- [hyperthyroidism](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/hyperthyroidism/)
- [pcos](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/pcos/)
- [adrenal disorders](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/adrenal-disorders/)
- [liver disease](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/liver-disease/)
- [hellp syndrome](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/hellp-syndrome/)
- [acute fatty liver of pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/acute-fatty-liver-of-pregnancy/)
- [elevated liver enzymes](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/elevated-liver-enzymes/)
- [nervous system disorders](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/nervous-system-disorders/)
- [epilepsy in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/epilepsy-in-pregnancy/)
- [multiple sclerosis](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/multiple-sclerosis/)
- [seizure disorders](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/seizure-disorders/)
- [migraine headaches](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/migraine-headaches/)
- [neurological conditions](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/neurological-conditions/)
- [reproductive health](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/reproductive-health/)
- [ovarian cysts](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/ovarian-cysts/)
- [ectopic pregnancy risk](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/ectopic-pregnancy-risk/)
- [hydrosalpinx](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/hydrosalpinx/)
- [uterine abnormalities](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/uterine-abnormalities/)
- [fertility issues](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fertility-issues/)
- [respiratory disorders](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/respiratory-disorders/)
- [flu](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/flu/)
- [pneumonia](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/pneumonia/)
- [cystic fibrosis](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/cystic-fibrosis/)
- [shortness of breath](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/shortness-of-breath/)
- [lung disease](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/lung-disease/)
- [heart condition](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/heart-condition/)
- [maternal cardiac disease](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/maternal-cardiac-disease/)
- [congenital heart disease](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/congenital-heart-disease/)
- [peripartum cardiomyopathy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/peripartum-cardiomyopathy/)
- [arrhythmia](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/arrhythmia/)
- [high blood pressure](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/high-blood-pressure/)
- [skin conditions](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/skin-conditions/)
- [puppp](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/puppp/)
- [eczema](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/eczema/)
- [psoriasis](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/psoriasis/)
- [melasma](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/melasma/)
- [pregnancy rash](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/pregnancy-rash/)
- [vaginal health](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/vaginal-health/)
- [yeast infection](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/yeast-infection/)
- [discharge in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/discharge-in-pregnancy/)
- [stds](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/stds/)
- [fibroids in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fibroids-in-pregnancy/)
- [uterine septum](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/uterine-septum/)
- [bicornuate uterus](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/bicornuate-uterus/)
- [adenomyosis](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/adenomyosis/)
- [c-section risk](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/c-section-risk/)
- [substance use](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/substance-use/)
- [alcohol in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/alcohol-in-pregnancy/)
- [smoking](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/smoking/)
- [fetal alcohol syndrome](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/)
- [neonatal abstinence syndrome](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/neonatal-abstinence-syndrome/)
- [toxemia](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/toxemia/)
- [proteinuria](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/proteinuria/)
- [signs of preeclampsia](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/signs-of-preeclampsia/)
- [fetal macrosomia](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fetal-macrosomia/)
- [large for gestational age](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/large-for-gestational-age/)
- [big baby](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/big-baby/)
- [estimated fetal weight](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/estimated-fetal-weight/)
- [braxton hicks](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/braxton-hicks/)
- [real labor](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/real-labor/)
- [signs of labor](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/signs-of-labor/)
- [contractions](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/contractions/)
- [when to go to the hospital](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/when-to-go-to-the-hospital/)
- [genetic disorders](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/genetic-disorders/)
- [down syndrome](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/down-syndrome/)
- [sickle cell anemia](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/sickle-cell-anemia/)
- [fetal position](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fetal-position/)
- [breech baby](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/breech-baby/)
- [transverse lie](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/transverse-lie/)
- [posterior baby](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/posterior-baby/)
- [optimal fetal positioning](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/optimal-fetal-positioning/)
- [external cephalic version](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/external-cephalic-version/)
- [gdm](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/gdm/)
- [glucose test](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/glucose-test/)
- [insulin](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/insulin/)
- [macrosomia](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/macrosomia/)
- [headaches in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/headaches-in-pregnancy/)
- [tension headaches](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/tension-headaches/)
- [safe medication](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/safe-medication/)
- [preeclampsia symptom](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/preeclampsia-symptom/)
- [placental abruption](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/placental-abruption/)
- [placenta previa](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/placenta-previa/)
- [obstetric emergency](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/obstetric-emergency/)
- [vbac](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/vbac/)
- [vaginal birth after c-section](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/vaginal-birth-after-c-section/)
- [repeat c-section](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/repeat-c-section/)
- [uterine rupture](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/uterine-rupture/)
- [trial of labor after c-section](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/trial-of-labor-after-c-section/)
- [tolac](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/tolac/)
- [c-section recovery](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/c-section-recovery/)
- [chronic hypertension](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/chronic-hypertension/)
- [gestational hypertension](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/gestational-hypertension/)
- [blood pressure monitoring](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/blood-pressure-monitoring/)
- [pre-existing diabetes](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/pre-existing-diabetes/)
- [type 1 diabetes](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/type-1-diabetes/)
- [type 2 diabetes](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/type-2-diabetes/)
- [blood sugar control](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/blood-sugar-control/)
- [diabetic management](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/diabetic-management/)
- [medical history](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/medical-history/)
- [previous surgery](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/previous-surgery/)
- [leep procedure](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/leep-procedure/)
- [cone biopsy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/cone-biopsy/)
- [myomectomy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/myomectomy/)
- [abdominal surgery](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/abdominal-surgery/)
- [fertility treatments](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fertility-treatments/)
- [prior pregnancy complications](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/prior-pregnancy-complications/)
- [recurrent pregnancy loss](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/recurrent-pregnancy-loss/)
- [history of preeclampsia](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/history-of-preeclampsia/)
- [prior preterm birth](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/prior-preterm-birth/)
- [obstetric history](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/obstetric-history/)
- [pregnancy after loss](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/pregnancy-after-loss/)
- [recurrent miscarriage](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/recurrent-miscarriage/)
- [rainbow baby](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/rainbow-baby/)
- [emotional support](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/emotional-support/)
- [anxiety](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/anxiety/)
- [17p shots](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/17p-shots/)
- [underactive thyroid](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/underactive-thyroid/)
- [thyroid disease in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/thyroid-disease-in-pregnancy/)
- [hashimoto's](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/hashimotos/)
- [levothyroxine](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/levothyroxine/)
- [tsh levels](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/tsh-levels/)
- [trauma informed care](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/trauma-informed-care/)
- [domestic violence](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/domestic-violence/)
- [prior abuse](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/prior-abuse/)
- [ptsd](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/ptsd/)
- [pelvic injury](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/pelvic-injury/)
- [safe pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/safe-pregnancy/)
- [delayed prenatal care](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/delayed-prenatal-care/)
- [importance of prenatal visits](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/importance-of-prenatal-visits/)
- [birth outcomes](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/birth-outcomes/)
- [rh incompatibility](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/rh-incompatibility/)
- [rhogam shot](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/rhogam-shot/)
- [hemolytic disease of the newborn](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/hemolytic-disease-of-the-newborn/)
- [anti-d antibody](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/anti-d-antibody/)
- [fetal anemia](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fetal-anemia/)
- [medication in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/medication-in-pregnancy/)
- [prescription drugs](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/prescription-drugs/)
- [antidepressants](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/antidepressants/)
- [safe medications](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/safe-medications/)
- [teratogen](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/teratogen/)
- [risk-benefit](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/risk-benefit/)
- [fetal movement](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fetal-movement/)
- [kick counts](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/kick-counts/)
- [decreased fetal movement](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/decreased-fetal-movement/)
- [iron deficiency](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/iron-deficiency/)
- [low hemoglobin](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/low-hemoglobin/)
- [iron supplements](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/iron-supplements/)
- [fatigue](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fatigue/)
- [pregnancy nutrition](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/pregnancy-nutrition/)
- [postpartum hemorrhage risk](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/postpartum-hemorrhage-risk/)
- [perinatal depression](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/perinatal-depression/)
- [anxiety in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/anxiety-in-pregnancy/)
- [postpartum depression](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/postpartum-depression/)
- [fibroids](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fibroids/)
- [uterine fibroids](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/uterine-fibroids/)
- [benign tumors](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/benign-tumors/)
- [prior complications](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/prior-complications/)
- [preconception counseling](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/preconception-counseling/)
- [placenta accreta](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/placenta-accreta/)
- [placenta disorders](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/placenta-disorders/)
- [fetal growth restriction](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fetal-growth-restriction/)
- [small for gestational age](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/small-for-gestational-age/)
- [placental insufficiency](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/placental-insufficiency/)
- [signs of preterm labor](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/signs-of-preterm-labor/)
- [stopping labor](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/stopping-labor/)
- [tocolytics](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/tocolytics/)
- [steroid shots](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/steroid-shots/)
- [pprom](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/pprom/)
- [water breaking early](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/water-breaking-early/)
- [premature rupture of membranes](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/premature-rupture-of-membranes/)
- [infection risk](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/infection-risk/)
- [hospital stay](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/hospital-stay/)
- [overdue](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/overdue/)
- [post-term pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/post-term-pregnancy/)
- [induction of labor](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/induction-of-labor/)
- [41 weeks pregnant](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/41-weeks-pregnant/)
- [42 weeks pregnant](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/42-weeks-pregnant/)
- [stds in pregnancy](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/stds-in-pregnancy/)
- [herpes](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/herpes/)
- [chlamydia](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/chlamydia/)
- [gonorrhea](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/gonorrhea/)
- [hiv](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/hiv/)
- [safe sex](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/safe-sex/)
- [fundal height](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fundal-height/)
- [measuring large](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/measuring-large/)
- [measuring small](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/measuring-small/)
- [nausea and vomiting](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/nausea-and-vomiting/)
- [hyperemesis gravidarum](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/hyperemesis-gravidarum/)
- [remedies](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/remedies/)
- [diet](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/diet/)
- [acetaminophen](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/acetaminophen/)
- [tylenol](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/tylenol/)
- [pain relief](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/pain-relief/)
- [fever reducer](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/fever-reducer/)
- [third trimester use](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/third-trimester-use/)
- [mfm](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/mfm/)
- [pregnant over 35](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/pregnant-over-35/)
- [pregnancy after 35](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/tag/pregnancy-after-35/)

## Locations

- [Mesa](https://valleyperinatal.com/articles/study_location/mesa/)